Canard surfaces

In a tail-first or canard (the French word for a duck) configuration, shown in Fig. 10.8, and Fig. 10.1, a nose-up pitching moment is obtained by using the forward foreplane to lift the nose up. Rotating the foreplane surface to increase its incidence will increase its lift and consequently the overall lift.

Operating the elevator control on a canard configuration produces an immediate increase in lift, and thus, a more favourable response to pitch con­trol. Together with other factors described later, this has led to the adoption of

Fig. 10.8 Slab-type canard control surfaces on the Eurofighter Typhoon

These control surfaces help to provide extreme manoeuvrability

a canard configuration on many aircraft, particularly delta-winged types, as illustrated in Fig. 10.8, where a slab-type canard foreplane may be seen. The foreplane is capable of a large range of movement.

The experimental X-29, shown in Fig. 9.20, has no fewer than three sets of pitch-control surfaces, resulting in something of a headache for the control system designer.