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The flare and touch-down
The final stages of the landing also offer the pilot a choice of techniques. Two alternatives are illustrated in Fig. 13.8. In the first the angle of attack is increased over a comparatively short period to arrest the descent, a manoeuvre known as the flare. The aircraft then flies parallel to the runway as the speed falls further and finally sinks onto the undercarriage. In the now less-common tail-wheel undercarriage, the final touch-down can either be on the main wheels only, or, with a greater amount of pilot skill, the aircraft can be brought to the angle of attack which results in all three wheels touching simultaneously, the so-called three-point landing.
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Fig. 13.8 Alternative landing techniques (a) Rapid ‘flare’ following straight ‘glide’ (b) Gradual ’round out’ (b) is easier than (a) but gives poorer obstacle clearance |
An alternative method is to reduce the glide angle more progressively and to fly the aircraft along an almost circular path onto the runway. This type of approach is less demanding on the pilot, but results in slightly worse ability to clear obstacles near the threshold.
